Acupuncture Meridian 5

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The Stomach that is the "Centre" 

The Stomach meridian and its corresponding internal organ play a fundamental role in the traditional Chinese medical physiology. All organs "turn" around the stomach that is the "Centre". Observing the image below, the only shape that the stomach meridian pathway (orange) over the face recalls is the primitive midgut (on the right), when before rotating from the sagittal to coronal plane, forms a loop that herniates physiologically into the umbilical chord. We have already seen this special morphogenetic behaviour in the section of the Small Intestine meridian. What is here of special interest is that, according to Traditional Chinese Medicine, every organ-meridian of the lower limb is coupled with the yang-yin equivalent organ-meridian of the upper limb, and vice versa (see minimal knowledge on the acupuncture meridian system). The coupled meridian of the stomach is that of the Large Intestine. Following after each other —Large Intestine meridian continues as Stomach meridian— they form the Great Meridian of Tai Yang, running in a continual way along the upper and lower limb. As illustrated in the first strip of figures below, when we rotate left the head model with the meridians drawn over, moving it from the lateral to the frontal aspect, we see how the Stomach meridian (orange) is progressively climbed over by the Large Intestine meridian (black), the two branches of which cross each other at the philtrum. This process is very similar to that of the cecum bud c) in the embryos development, which guiding the 270° counter-clockwise midgut rotation, crosses and overcomes d) that part of the primitive gut that later will become jejunum and ileum. The cecum eventually directs downward e) until to arrive at its anatomical definitive position in the right iliac fossa f).

Acupuncture Meridian 4

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Small Intestine or jejunum and ileum 

NB: the author uses the words "channel", "meridian" and "vessel" as synonyms, but considers "meridian" more suitable for scientific speech and literature.
Acupuncture meridians can present pathway differences. It is common to find a pathway drawn from the original description in a book, and another connecting in sequence all the meridian points. In the picture on the left are depicted two variations of the Small Intestine pathways of the face. Both, as will be shown later, could have different anatomical correlations.
If it is true that the Sanjiao or Triple Burner meridian has the duodenum-exocrine pancreas as a related organ, in TCM the Small Intestine meridian pertains to the jejunum and ileum. While the Gallbladder meridian touches the region in front of the tragus with its first segment, the Triple Burner (duodenum-exocrine pancreas) does the same with its last segment, and the Small Intestine meridian ends just there. Unlike the first two meridians, whose morphologic correspondence with the related organs is nearly exact, that of the Small Intestine is undefined, probably because the organ is shaped like a ball-of-thread. In the picture below, the meridian is depicted in the most common form, connecting the acupuncture points together.
The next picture shows the morphologic analogy of the face pathway of Small Intestine meridian with the parotid gland, lying in the mandibular region just under the skin.
Now let us observe its detailed pathway (picture on the right). It begins at the external tip of the little finger and continues toward the head with a centripetal movement. After running straight along the hand, elbow and arm edge, it arrives at the scapular regions, over which it forms some folds, more than it will form later on the face, even though the number is definitely less than those in the pertaining organ (see pictures below).
An important analogy exists between the small intestine and arm-shoulder joint, over which the related meridian passes. In fact, among the abdominal and thoracic organs, the small intestine is without doubt the one that occupies the widest space in any direction. If we consider only the jejunum and ileum, the small intestine can move as inside a hemisphere, whose centre and support is the root of the mesentery and the coronal plane passing through it, and whose dome has the navel as its apex.
Strangely enough, the joint between the arm and shoulder is the one whose 3D dynamic morphology is the most similar to a hemisphere. Furthermore, the "accordion" drawn above the scapula even seems to point to the meridian's "material" nature, because its repeated folds could be the meridian's mechanism for stretching itself in order to follow the arm movements forwards and upwards. Obviously, this is only a hypothesis that is partially sustained by the presence of similar shapes with similar functions in other meridians (see later).
If till now the coincidence between the shape of the small intestine meridian with the pertaining organ is rather weak, it will become more consistent after the study of the embryo's intestinal development. As it is illustrated in the pictures below, the small and large intestine develop from the primitive midgut by forming a two-limb loop on the sagittal plane (a), which detaches itself just below the duodenum that is already taking the shape of a semicircle opened on the left. The loop herniates physiologically and temporarily into the umbilical cord (b). Making a 270 degrees global counterclockwise rotation, the loop first becomes horizontal from vertical (c), then its lower limb takes progressively the shape of the large intestine, crosses and overcomes the upper limb (d) that has already begun folding like an "accordion" to form the small intestine, and rotates itself. The cecum reaches its definitive position in the right iliac fossa (e), so that the large intestine circumscribes completely the small intestine (f).

Acupuncture Meridian 3

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The strange circle
in the acupuncture
kidney meridian

:: brown text means unrevised translation or incomplete work :: NB: the author uses the words "channel", "meridian" and "vessel" as synonyms, but considers "meridian" more suitable for scientific speech and literature.
For years we interrogated skilled practitioners and scholars of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to know why the acupuncture meridian system (AMS) presents a circle in the kidney meridian, precisely in the inner aspect of the ankle (picture above on the left), and not elsewhere. When there was an answer, it was always the same: "Because books depict it like that". Lateral and oblique deviation, inverted direction, bends and crossings are common alterations of the meridians' path, but the circle in the ankle is the only circular line, out of the many metres the acupuncture system consists of. This is why we defined it as strange. After comparing the acupuncture meridian charts with western anatomical and embryological knowledge, according to the findings reported in these pages, we have formulated some working hypotheses: 1. The acupuncture meridian system or acupuncture meridian system exists, despite Felix Mann's stance against basic acupuncture beliefs that inspired the intellectual position of many medical doctors and societies toward acupuncture. 2. The acupuncture meridian system should be interpreted and investigated as a four-dimensional structure that guides the embryo's development and the organism's post-natal growth, in space and time, and not exclusively considered for its therapeutic properties. 3. Scientific research comparing the two (eastern and western) anatomies should be resumed, making the effort to render the meridians visible with reproducibility.
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The observation We  don't know if those men could see the meridians thanks to some highlighting compounds introduced into the body, or by means of an ingenious primordial device applied to the eyes. We  certainly do not believe at all they received the acupuncture meridian charts from charitable gods or evolved aliens. Finally, though admitting this possibility, We  doubt that they could see points and meridians after waking up the so-called sixth sense through esoteric exercises of meditation.
The path of the Kidney Acupuncture Channel in the foot as it is described in Traditional Chinese Medicine classics could be wrongly considered identical both in males and females. Basing our statement on anatomical correlations, which we  presume nobody has found before now, the Kidney Acupuncture Channel path in the foot (and ankle) should have the shape of a circle only in males.	After a first look at the urogenital apparatus images from different books of anatomy, the "strange" circle in the Kidney Channel ankle path could come out of the combination of the seminal (ascending) path and urinary (descending) path. In males, the urinary path and the seminal path share the final segment of the penis urethra.
The urinary path is almost identical both in males and females, being different only in regard to the urethral length.	The shape drawn by the seminal path (penis erection is required) is the most similar to the "strange" circle in the acupuncture kidney meridian, to which it is strictly connected during the time of embryological development.
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Comparative anatomy An indirect support to our observation comes from the urogenital anatomy of cetaceans (here below the dolphin), the sheep among mammalians and even some insects.
"The penis of the dolphin originates from the rear pelvic bones and from the pelvic region, the penis extends to the penis slit, just to the back of the umbilicus. The penis is coiled or curved within the sheath (prepuce) except when erect; it is held in this position by a pair of strap-like retractor muscles. The penis slit exposes a part of the penis and the rest of the penis is firmly attached to the retractor muscles. This part of the penis which is covered with skin, is called the terminal cones, similar to the "glans penis" of most mammals. When the penis is erected, the folded skin (penis sac) can be stretched and the dolphin can protrude approximately two-thirds of its penis from the slit. Just to the rear of the terminal cone, the retracted penis shows a loop. Since during erection, the skin does not allow stretching to occur easily, this loop enables the dolphin to protrude the penis." (Dolphins, the Oracles of the Sea - http://library.thinkquest.org/17963/reproductive-system.html)
	"The body of fibroelastic penis of the dolphin [Norris, 1966] and sheep [May 1964] forms an s-shaped curve in the retracted state (Fig. 3 and below). Erection involves straightening of the s-curve and protrusion of the penis through a slit in the abdomen. As there is no thickening or lengthening of the penis during erection, rigidity depends more on the properties of the tunica albuginea and trabeculae of the corpora cavernosa than on the blood-filled cavernous spaces [Norris, 1966]. May, NDS. (1964). The anatomy of the Sheep (2nd ed.). University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, Australia. pp72-73. Norris, KS. (1966). Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. University of California Press, Berkley, USA. pp278-287.
	Insect Reproductive System The female reproductive system is shown in the drawing above on the left. The male is below. Variation among insect reproductive systems is great. Closely related species are often isolated from one another via small variations in the morphology of reproductive organs that prohibit interspecies mating. However, a generalized system can be constructed that closely represents all sexually reproducing insects. Be familiar with differences in male and female genitalia and be able to identify structures when given a diagram. Text taken from "Insect Morphology": University of Minnesota USA, Department of Entomology. Picture taken form "Invertebrate Zoology" by Robert B. Barnes.
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Embryology In the human embryo the proximity of the circle in the kidney meridian to the genital organs is remarkable. See also the picture at the title's right side (The Multi-Dimensional Human Embryo). The inner aspect of the ankle, where the circle is drawn, faces exactly the site where some time later testes (and not ovaries) will emerge. Our principal question is: do the buds of the lower extremities also contain the strange circle in the kidney meridian?
a) © Professor Kohei Shiota, Kyoto University Human embryo at approx. 33th day, 14 mm. Characteristic signs: Lens vesicle covered with the ectoderm. Auditory primordium. Genesis of the hand plate. 1 Umbilical cord 2 Cardiac prominence 3 Nasal placode 4 Ocular primordium 5 Bud of the upper extremity 6 Bud of the lower extremity
b) © Professor Kohei Shiota, Kyoto University Human embryo at approx. 51st day, 22-24 mm. Characteristic signs: Subcutaneous vessel network of the head spreads out. Hands and feet come closer and touch each other. 1 Umbilical cord with physiologic hernia 2 Nose 3 Subcutaneous vessel network of the head 4 Ear 5 Elbow 6 Pronation of the hands (pink arrow) 7 Knee 8 Supination of the feet (blue arrow) 9 Toes
c) and d) © MouseWorks, Inc. The forming external genitalia are not visible in this view of an 8 week human embryo on the left due to the prominent tail. The human tail regresses, as is evident in the 10 week embryo on the right. At the same time the lower limbs grow, the feet form, the external genital organs appears, and in males the testes travel along the inguinal channel toward the scrotum, their final destination.
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Scientific literature on this specific subject There are a few works on the relation between acupuncture and embryology that corroborates with and are corroborated by our findings. ■ In 1989 Shang C. wrote the first article that hypothesizes a relationship between acupuncture meridians and embryonic morphogenesis. He proposed the involvement of the meridian system in the growth regulation. "Both organizing centers and acupuncture points have low electric resistance. The low electric resistance is related to the distribution of gap junction and thus intercellular communication. Some acupuncture points may be organizing centers. The meridian system is important in coordination and regulation of morphogenesis. The properties of organizing centers and acupuncture points can be explained in view of singular point. Coupling and oscillation may underlie the mechanism of acupuncture as well as growth regulation." [1]. ■ Since 2001 to 2008, J. Li-Ling, a Chinese medical doctor and geneticist, in four articles (one with Y. Wu) explains some congenital malformations in term of TCM, providing a remarkable suspect that acupuncture meridians system exists [2,3,4,5]. ■ In 2002, TN. Lee, an American general practitioner and researcher, hypothesizes that "the genetic information contained in the one-dimensional genome may be converted into a three-dimensional body plan for development. Prior to mitosis of the fertilized egg, the chromatids, after being unpackaged from the chromosomes, link up to form a giant circular loop which is then folded upon itself into a wired-frame structure that embodies the architectural embryological developmental scheme." [6]. ■ In 2004-2005 KT. Yung, a PhD and researcher of Magnetic Resonance Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh developed an original model to explain Qi and acupuncture meridian system: "The concept of Qi and the concept of meridian are so closely related that they must be defined and comprehended simultaneously in a coordinated fashion. Once the nature of Qi is established in terms of physics, we may be able to explain the functional role that the meridians play, as well as explain other Chinese medical terminology with a language of modem science. Based on the low electrical impedance characteristics of acupoints, we propose that the meridian channel is equivalent to an electromagnetic transmission line and the Qi is the electromagnetic (EM) standing wave riding on the line, with acupoints as its nodes." [7]. ■ In 2004, F. Abad-Alegria and C. Pomaran, Spanish medical doctors, describe how the points with cardio-therapeutic activity according to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), have the same embryologic origin as the hearth itself [8].
	Acupuncture points with activity to cardiovascular pathology according to classic books, in adult (A), in a 6 weeks embryo (B): lateral (l) dorsal (d) and frontal view (f), and in a 4 weeks lateral view embryo (C). For a better comprehension in the embryological phases the cloud of localized points of the adult is represented as a black compact whole.
■ A very interesting work, corroborated by our findings and following theory, is the review of "Bonghan Channel System" by KS. Soh, physicist and researcher at Biomedical Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea [9]. An excellent summary overview was made by David Milbradt in 2009 [10]. ■ Philip Beach, osteopath and acupuncturist, has written a book [11] were he treats the manipulation of shape, the chance of acting into the corporeal morphology in a physical manner, basing upon forces of invisible nature (like gravity or  IR radiation, for example). Much in line with our comparative anatomical observations. References [1] Shang C. Singular Point, organizing center and acupuncture point.  Am J Chin Med. 1989;17(3-4):119-27. [2] Li-Ling J. Connections between traditional Chinese medicine and congenital syndromes. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Oct 15;103(3):257-62. [3] Li-Ling J. The Jing-Mai connections of the heart. Int J Cardiol. 2003 May;89(1):1-11. [4] Li-Ling J. Human Phenome based on traditional Chinese medicine: a solution to congenital syndromology.  Am J Chin Med. 2003;31(6):991-1000. Review. [5] Li-Ling J. Wu Y. Congenital syndromes involving the lungs: pathogenetic models based on chinese medicine theories. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Oct;14(8):1017-25. Review. [6] Lee TN. Thalamic neuron theory: meridians=DNA. The genetic and embryological basis of traditional Chinese medicine including acupuncture.  Med Hypotheses. 2002 Nov;59(5):504-21. [7] Yung KT. A birdcage model for the Chinese Meridian System: part I. A channel as a transmission line. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 01/02/2004; 32(5):815-28. [8] Abad-Alegria F., Pomaran C. Aspectos embriológicos de la acupuntura cardioterapéutica. Medicina Naturista, 2004 N° 6 383-287. Download here (in Spanish) [9] Bonghan Circulatory System as an Extension of Acupuncture Meridians Soh KS. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 93-106. The full text pdf, with terrific pictures can be downloaded here or here. [10] Milbradt D. Bonghan Channels in Acupuncture. Acupuncture Today April, 2009, Vol. 10, Issue 04. Download here. [11] Beach P. Muscles and meridians. The manipulation of shape. Elsevier 2010. [12] following

Acupuncture Meridian 2

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Right and left branches
of large intestine meridian
cross in a very special zone

Now we want to show the reader how other unusual behaviour pattern of an acupuncture meridian corresponds to an exact anatomic structure. This is also an exception. In fact, single or multiple crossings among meridians pertaining to different organs are common (e.g. the three yin meridians of the lower limb at the point SP-6). Nevertheless the only meridian that crosses the homologue on the opposite side of the body is the Large Intestine (LI) meridian. This crossing takes place at the junction of the upper third and lower two thirds of the philtrum, or the groove in the upper lip. The red line in the picture on the right shows the path and points of the Large Intestine meridian (the internal path is dashed). It starts from the tip of the index finger, runs upwards along the arm and shoulder, goes backwards to the seventh vertebra, runs upwards and obliquely to the neck and comes through the jaw. It curves around the upper lip and crosses the opposite meridian at the philtrum. From here, the left meridian goes to the right and the right meridian goes to the left, to either side of the nose, where they end before connecting to the Stomach (ST) meridian. The point where the two large intestine meridians cross each other pertains to the Dumai or Governor Vessel (GV-26), the "extraordinary" meridian (see it here), that in its superficial path traces out the posterior median line, from the apex of the coccyx along the spine and skull to the mucosa above the incisor teeth, where it stops. With the skull in the "Frankfurt plane" position, the philtrum (with the afore-mentioned crossing point) is in correspondence with the decussation of pyramids, at the level of the second cervical vertebra. Is it just a lucky combination that the only direct crossing between the right and left meridian branch of the same organ corresponds to the sole macroscopically visible crossing of the central nervous system? In the picture below you can see the decussation of pyramids on a transverse section.
The image on the right is the result of a sagittal CT (X-ray Computed Tomography), executed on a patient with the skull on the Frankfurt plane (red line). The arrow indicates where the decussation of pyramids in the medulla oblongata is. The animated picture below left shows the coincidence on the sagittal and tranverse planes in the skull between the philtrum (black circle) and the decussation of pyramids in the brainstem (red). The black line represents the "Frankfurt plane". The picture below right shows the details of the crossing over the philtrum (sutura inter-maxillaris) between the right and left branches of the large intestine acupuncture meridian.
The picture below left simply shows the nerve bundles descending from the cerebral cortex that cross in the decussation of pyramids in the brainstem (red circle). The red horizontal line in the picture on the right underlines the separation between the cranial nerves (non-decussed) and the spinal nerves (partially decussed). As many readers have already learnt elsewhere, the decussation of pyramids is the structure that makes it possible for a unilateral stroke to cause trouble on the same side in the face, and on the opposite side in the limbs.
not to incur misinterpretation, the decussation of pyramids is visible to naked eyes, as deducible from the picture above right
According to the description given in the Classics (see the first picture above on the right), before passing over the neck and joining the upper lip, where we have seen its right and left branches cross in correspondence with the philtrum, the large intestine meridian begins its pathway from the tip of the index finger, runs over it, over the metacarpal bone, forearm, elbow and arm on the external edge. It surrounds the shoulder joint and from the LI-16 Jugu point, goes backwards to meet the GV-14 Dazhui point of the Governor Vessel (another crossing?), one of the eight Extraordinary meridians, below the 7th cervical spine. Seen from the back, this pathway seems to trace out both the profile of the arms and shoulders and that of the three segments of the large intestine: right, transverse and left colon. Though it is not a double organ like the kidneys, among the abdominal organs the large intestine is the one that has the greatest lateral symmetry and whose two sides are connected (crossed?) via the transverse colon.
The point were the two limbs of Large Intestine Channel cross each other (picture below on left) is very special also for embryology, as the philtrum is a privileged site of malformations. By chance, is the cleft palate clinically and genetically associated with large intestine, forefinger, shoulder birth defects?
A five weeks embryo's head. It is nearly 10mm long, and  the face is developing, with mouth, nostrils and eyes. The Large Intestine meridian's right and left limbs are red, the Governor Vessel black.
As it is illustrated in the pictures below, the small and large intestine develop from the primitive midgut by forming a two-limb loop on the sagittal plane (a), which detaches itself just below the duodenum that is already taking the shape of a semicircle opened on the left. The loop herniates physiologically and temporarily into the umbilical cord (b). Making a 270 degrees global counterclockwise rotation, the loop first becomes horizontal from vertical (c), then its lower limb takes progressively the shape of the large intestine, crosses and overcomes the upper limb (d) that has already begun folding like an "accordion" to form the small intestine, and rotates itself. The cecum reaches its definitive position in the right iliac fossa (e), so that the large intestine circumscribes completely the small intestine (f).

Acupuncture Meridian 1

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Gallbladder Acupuncture Meridian establish the shapes of the skull and liver

brown text means unrevised translation or incomplete work :: NB: the author uses the words "channel", "meridian" and "vessel" as synonyms, but considers "meridian" more suitable for scientific speech and literature.

While we were looking for possible anatomical correlations for the gallbladder meridian, the first thing we thought was that the highest part of its pathway is very similar to a sickle (falx-falcis in Latin), like the one that divides the right cerebral lobe from the left, called falx cerebri or cerebral falx. Although this was a good finding, it was not enough for us. After giving a valid explanation for the presence of the strange circle in the kidney acupuncture meridian, we expect each meridian to have an univocal connection with the shape of the pertaining organ, or its embryologic development. And so it is. Although in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) the brain is a curious - extraordinary organ, it is under the control of the liver and gallbladder. Thus we started to compare the gallbladder meridian pathway with the gallbladder anatomy and the annexed biliary tree within the liver. So we discovered that the first three segments of the gallbladder meridian (GB1 to GB2, GB2 to GB4 and GB4 to GB7) trace out the shape of the pancreatic duct and biliary common duct with hepatic ducts in an almost realistic way. The fourth segment (GB7 to GB12) continues to trace out the shape of the cystic duct and gallbladder body, as well as the lateral tract of the anterior-inferior margin of the liver's right lobe. In the picture below we have overlapped the head-pathway of the gallbladder meridian onto three different liver-gallbladder images for a better understanding. The work goes on...

LifeART (and/or) MediClip image copyright (appropriate year) Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.- Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved

Triple Burner, Triple Energizer
Triple Warmer, Sanjiao or
DUODENUM-PANCREAS
(exocrine)

The Triple Burner o Energizer of Chinese tradition (Sanjiao) is here renamed and identified with the Duodenum-Exocrine Pancreas, because the duodenum has at least three digestive functions that correspond to  those described by traditional Chinese medicine. In fact, duodenum-pancreas exocrine produces alkaline juice itself and receives bile and pancreatic secretion. In the pictures below, the Sanjiao meridian path on the face actually seems to overlap with the duodenum and pancreas.

 

Organ Systems in the Human Body

What are the 11 organ systems in the human body (anatomy)?(1) integumentary, (2) skeletal, (3) muscular, (4) nervous, (5) endocrine, (6) circulatory, (7) lymphatic, (8) respiratory, (9) digestive, (10) urinary, and (11) reproductive systems.
1. Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails.2. Skeletal system: structural support and protection with bones, cartilage, ligaments and tendons.3. Muscular system: movement with muscles.4. Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves and nerves.5. Endocrine system: communication within the body using hormones made by endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary or pituitary gland, pineal body or pineal gland,
thyroid, parathyroids and adrenals, i.e., adrenal glands.;)6. Circulatory system: pumping and channeling blood to and from the body and lungs with heart, blood and blood vessels.7. Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the lymph and the nodes and vessels that transport it including the
Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents with leukocytes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus and spleen.8. Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm.9. Digestive system: digestion and processing food with salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.10. Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine."11. Reproductive system: the sex organs, such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis.

The Chinese Yin Yang Meridian System

Properties of Yin and Yang
By describing how things work in relation to the universe and to each other, the yin yang theory establishes a dynamic thought process that can be applied to
everyday life.

1. Yin and Yang oppose each other.
Yin yang theory believes everything has an opposing yin and yang aspect. These aspects are mutually controlled and inhibited by each other, which results in a
continuous state of dynamic balance. For example, heat can dispel cold while cold can reduce heat. If there is not enough heat, it will become cold and vice versa.
Another example is the physiological functions in our body. Both the excitatory (yang) and the inhibitory (yin) functions are in mutually controlled balance. If the
dynamic balance is disturbed, one aspect may become excessive causing serious health problems.

2. Yin and Yang mutually create and depend on each other.
Both yin and yang cannot exist without each other or stand alone. They depend on each other for definition and can only be measured by comparing themselves to
each other. For example, heat ceases to exist (yang aspect) if there is no such thing as cold (yin aspect). Without an understanding of hot and cold, there would only
be one temperature. Height (yang aspect) cannot be measured if there is not a low reference point (yin aspect); otherwise, everything would be at one level. In
addition, the comparisons between yin and yang are relative to the objects being compared. For example, when soup is first cooked it is hot but after it a while it
becomes cold, but the hot cold distinction is relative to a cold an ice cube and boiling water.

According to the yin yang theory, our physical body is closely related to its physiological functions. The activity (yang) of our body is nourished by its physical form
(yin), and the physical form is created and maintained by the body's activity. They rely on each other to achieve a balanced state of health.

3. Yin and Yang change and grow in a cyclic and balanced manner.
Yin and yang achieve a state of balance by mutual control and inhibition. The balance is neither static nor absolute, but is maintained within certain limits. At certain
times, yin expands while yang diminishes. At other times, the opposite is true. The change of seasons illustrates this concept. From winter through spring and
summer, the weather changes from cold to hot. This is a process where yang (heat) grows and yin (cold) diminishes. On the other hand, the weather will change from
hot to cold from summer through autumn and winter. A process where yin expands and yang diminishes. Over time, the proportion of hot (yang) and cold (yin)
weather will be balanced and in harmony.

4. Yin and Yang transform into each other.
When one aspect goes to an extreme, it will undergo a reverse transformation into the opposite character. This sudden transformation usually takes place in a
particular situation. For example, when summer reaches the hottest day (extreme yang), the weather begins changing in a reverse manner. Instead of becoming
hotter, it starts to become cooler. When winter reaches its coldest day (extreme yin), the weather reverses its direction and becomes warmer. This transformation is
the source of all changes, which allow both yin and yang to create each other. In the body, the pattern of yin yang transformation happens when excitatory and
inhibitory functions transform into one another.